C#：语言关键概念、.NET MAUI 和 Xamarin 开发

// C# 基本类型和类
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;

// 带有主构造函数的 Record (C# 12)
public record User(int Id, string Name, string Email);

// 具有可为空属性的类
public class AppConfig
{
    public string AppName { get; init; }
    public string? ApiUrl { get; set; } // 可为空引用类型
    public int Version { get; init; }

    // 带有表达式主体 (expression body) 的方法
    public string GetDisplayName() => $"{AppName} v{Version}";
}

// 扩展方法
public static class StringExtensions
{
    public static bool IsValidEmail(this string email) =>
        email.Contains("@") && email.Contains(".");
}

// 使用
var user = new User(1, "Alice", "alice@example.com");
bool validEmail = user.Email.IsValidEmail();

// 针对集合的 LINQ 查询
using System.Linq;

var users = new List<User>
{
    new User(1, "Alice", "alice@example.com"),
    new User(2, "Bob", "bob@test.com"),
    new User(3, "Charlie", "charlie@example.com"),
};

// 查询语法
var filteredUsers = from u in users
                     where u.Email.Contains("example")
                     orderby u.Name
                     select u;

// 带有多个操作的方法语法
var result = users
    .Where(u => u.Email.Contains("example"))
    .OrderBy(u => u.Name)
    .Select(u => new { u.Name, u.Email })
    .ToList();

// GroupBy 和聚合
var emailsByDomain = users
    .GroupBy(u => u.Email.Split('@')[1])
    .Select(g => new { Domain = g.Key, Count = g.Count() });

// 带有异步流的 LINQ (IAsyncEnumerable)
await foreach (var user in GetUsersAsync())
{
    Console.WriteLine(user.Name);
}

async IAsyncEnumerable<User> GetUsersAsync()
{
    yield return new User(1, "Alice", "alice@example.com");
    await Task.Delay(100);
    yield return new User(2, "Bob", "bob@test.com");
}

<!-- MainPage.xaml — .NET MAUI 声明式 UI -->
<ContentPage xmlns="http://schemas.microsoft.com/dotnet/2021/maui"
             xmlns:x="http://schemas.microsoft.com/winfx/2009/xaml"
             x:Class="MyApp.MainPage">

    <ScrollView>
        <VerticalStackLayout Padding="30" Spacing="25">
            <Label Text="Welcome to .NET MAUI!"
                   FontSize="32"
                   HorizontalOptions="Center"/>

            <Entry x:Name="NameEntry"
                   Placeholder="Enter your name"/>

            <Button Text="Submit"
                    Clicked="OnSubmitClicked"
                    BackgroundColor="#512BD4"
                    TextColor="White"
                    CornerRadius="8"/>

            <CollectionView x:Name="ItemsView"
                          SelectionMode="Single">
                <CollectionView.ItemTemplate>
                    <DataTemplate>
                        <Grid Padding="10">
                            <Label Text="{Binding Name}"
                                   FontSize="18"/>
                        </Grid>
                    </DataTemplate>
                </CollectionView.ItemTemplate>
            </CollectionView>
        </VerticalStackLayout>
    </ScrollView>
</ContentPage>

// MainPage.xaml.cs — 带有 C# 逻辑的代码后置
namespace MyApp;

public partial class MainPage : ContentPage
{
    private readonly List<User> _users = new();

    public MainPage()
    {
        InitializeComponent();
        LoadUsers();
    }

    private async void OnSubmitClicked(object? sender, EventArgs e)
    {
        var name = NameEntry.Text?.Trim();

        if (string.IsNullOrEmpty(name))
        {
            await DisplayAlert("Error", "Name is required", "OK");
            return;
        }

        _users.Add(new User(_users.Count + 1, name, $"{name}@example.com"));
        ItemsView.ItemsSource = null;
        ItemsView.ItemsSource = _users;
        NameEntry.Text = string.Empty;
    }

    private async void LoadUsers()
    {
        var apiService = new ApiService();
        var users = await apiService.GetUsersAsync();
        _users.AddRange(users);
        ItemsView.ItemsSource = _users;
    }
}

// .NET MAUI 中带有 DI 的地理定位
public class LocationService
{
    private readonly IGeolocation _geolocation;

    public LocationService(IGeolocation geolocation)
    {
        _geolocation = geolocation;
    }

    public async Task<Location?> GetCurrentLocation()
    {
        try
        {
            var permission = await CheckAndRequestPermission();
            if (permission != PermissionStatus.Granted)
                return null;

            var location = await _geolocation.GetLastKnownLocationAsync();

            if (location == null)
            {
                location = await _geolocation.GetLocationAsync(new GeolocationRequest
                {
                    DesiredAccuracy = GeolocationAccuracy.Medium,
                    Timeout = TimeSpan.FromSeconds(10)
                });
            }

            return location;
        }
        catch (Exception ex)
        {
            Debug.WriteLine($"位置错误：{ex.Message}");
            return null;
        }
    }

    private async Task<PermissionStatus> CheckAndRequestPermission()
    {
        var status = await Permissions.CheckStatusAsync<Permissions.LocationWhenInUse>();

        if (status != PermissionStatus.Granted)
        {
            status = await Permissions.RequestAsync<Permissions.LocationWhenInUse>();
        }

        return status;
    }
}

<!-- .csproj — .NET MAUI 项目配置 -->
<Project Sdk="Microsoft.NET.Sdk">

  <PropertyGroup>
    <TargetFrameworks>net8.0-android;net8.0-ios;net8.0-maccatalyst</TargetFrameworks>
    <OutputType>Exe</OutputType>
    <UseMaui>true</UseMaui>
    <ApplicationTitle>MyMAUIApp</ApplicationTitle>
    <ApplicationId>com.example.mymauiapp</ApplicationId>
  </PropertyGroup>

  <ItemGroup>
    <PackageReference Include="CommunityToolkit.Maui" Version="9.0.0" />
    <PackageReference Include="sqlite-net-pcl" Version="1.9.172" />
    <PackageReference Include="Refit" Version="7.0.0" />
  </ItemGroup>

</Project>