移动开发中的 Swift 特性：定义、关键功能及工作原理

struct User {
    let id: Int
    var name: String

    mutating func updateName(_ newName: String) {
        name = newName
    }
}

var user1 = User(id: 1, name: "Alice")
var user2 = user1
user2.updateName("Bob")
// user1.name === "Alice"，user2.name === "Bob"
// 完整复制 — 独立实例

class Car {
    let model: String
    var speed: Int

    init(model: String, speed: Int) {
        self.model = model
        self.speed = speed
    }

    func accelerate(_ amount: Int) {
        speed += amount
    }
}

let car1 = Car(model: "Tesla", speed: 0)
let car2 = car1
car2.accelerate(50)
// car1.speed === 50，car2.speed === 50
// 同一引用 — 更改处处可见

actor BankAccount {
    private var balance: Double

    init(initialBalance: Double) {
        balance = initialBalance
    }

    func deposit(amount: Double) {
        balance += amount
    }

    func withdraw(amount: Double) throws {
        guard balance >= amount else {
            throw BankError.insufficientFunds
        }
        balance -= amount
    }

    nonisolated func accountInfo() -> String {
        return "银行账户"
    }
}

let account = BankAccount(initialBalance: 1000)
await account.deposit(amount: 500)
// balance = 1500 — 原子操作，无竞争条件

import SwiftUI
import Combine

@main
struct CounterApp: App {
    var body: some Scene {
        WindowGroup {
            ContentView()
        }
    }
}

class CounterViewModel: ObservableObject {
    @Published var count: Int = 0

    func increment() {
        count += 1
    }
}

struct ContentView: View {
    @State private var greeting: String = "你好"
    @StateObject private var viewModel = CounterViewModel()

    var body: some View {
        VStack {
            CounterDisplay(count: $viewModel.count)
            Text(greeting)
            Button("增加", action: viewModel.increment)
        }
    }
}

struct CounterDisplay: View {
    @Binding var count: Int

    var body: some View {
        Text("计数：\(count)")
    }
}

@propertyWrapper
struct Clamped<T: Comparable> {
    private var value: T
    let range: ClosedRange<T>

    init(wrappedValue: T, range: ClosedRange<T>) {
        self.range = range
        self.value = min(max(wrappedValue, range.lowerBound), range.upperBound)
    }

    var wrappedValue: T {
        get { value }
        set { value = min(max(newValue, range.lowerBound), range.upperBound) }
    }
}

struct Settings {
    @Clamped(range: 0...100) var volume: Int = 50
}

var s = Settings()
s.volume = 150
// s.volume === 100 — 值自动受限

protocol Cacheable {
    associatedtype Key: Hashable
    associatedtype Value

    func get(_ key: Key) -> Value?
    mutating func set(_ value: Value, for key: Key)
}

struct MemoryCache<K: Hashable, V>: Cacheable {
    private var storage: [K: V] = [:]

    typealias Key = K
    typealias Value = V

    func get(_ key: K) -> V? {
        return storage[key]
    }

    mutating func set(_ value: V, for key: K) {
        storage[key] = value
    }
}

func firstMatch<T: Equatable>(in array: [T], target: T) -> Int? {
    for (index, item) in array.enumerated() {
        if item == target {
            return index
        }
    }
    return nil
}

let numbers = [10, 20, 30, 40]
let index = firstMatch(in: numbers, target: 30)
// index === 2 — 所有 Equatable 类型的通用方法

protocol Drivable {
    var speed: Double { get set }
    func drive()
}

extension Drivable {
    func drive() {
        if speed > 0 {
            print("以 \(speed) 公里/小时行驶")
        }
    }
}

struct Bicycle: Drivable {
    var speed: Double = 15
}

struct Plane: Drivable {
    var speed: Double = 900

    func drive() {
        print("以 \(speed) 公里/小时飞行")
    }
}

let bike = Bicycle()
bike.drive() // "以 15.0 公里/小时行驶" — 默认

let plane = Plane()
plane.drive() // "以 900.0 公里/小时飞行" — 覆盖

enum NetworkResult<T> {
    case loading
    case success(T)
    case failure(Error)
}

enum MediaFile {
    case image(url: URL, width: Int, height: Int)
    case video(url: URL, duration: Double)
    case audio(url: URL, bitrate: Int)
}

func handle(_ result: NetworkResult<String>) {
    switch result {
    case .loading:
        print("加载中...")
    case .success(let data):
        print("已接收：\(data)")
    case .failure(let error):
        print("错误：\(error.localizedDescription)")
    }
}

let file = MediaFile.video(url: URL(string: "https://example.com/video.mp4")!, duration: 120)

if case .video(let url, let duration) = file {
    print("视频 \(url) 时长 \(duration)秒")
}

extension MediaFile {
    var fileName: String {
        switch self {
        case .image(let url, _, _),
             .video(let url, _),
             .audio(let url, _):
            return url.lastPathComponent
        }
    }

    var description: String {
        switch self {
        case .image(_, let w, let h):
            return "图片 \(w)x\(h)"
        case .video(_, let d):
            return "视频 \(d)秒"
        case .audio(_, let b):
            return "音频 \(b) kbps"
        }
    }
}

extension MediaFile: Equatable {
    static func == (lhs: MediaFile, rhs: MediaFile) -> Bool {
        return lhs.fileName == rhs.fileName
    }
}

let files: [MediaFile] = [file]
files.forEach { print($0.description) }
// "视频 120.0s"